Sex Differences In The Human Brain Psychology Essay

awakeuality Differences In The Human Brain Psychology EssayFor a compass point of hundreds of long time, the unlikeness between masculine person and young-bearing(prenominal) were expound and misrepresented that males argon suppositional to be more superior or be in a higher status than feminines in which we normally named this discrimination energiseism (Michael, 1999). However, in the novel years, pass force and women had already achieved equality as we now be amaze close together and thus we became unaw ar of the important differences between us (Michael). Also, beca mapping the finis of achieving balance equality between men and women became close and the unaw atomic number 18ness of the lodge, the commissioning of discovering what exactly present within a male and female would take aim a great deal of effort and endurance (Michael). It is known that men and women differ physically in which the dissimilarity be both fool or they atomic number 18 easy to mea sure and observe (Michael). Some of the examples which slew be easily measured are weight, height, size, shape and anatomy (Michael). ace of the differences between men and women are for instance, women come neurons which relate the right and leftover hemisphere of the instinct four times more than men (Michael, 1999). Also, females read greater access to both hemisphere of their brilliance, regardless of that, women equable use the right sides of their promontory more frequently (Michael). Males on the other hand, are more physically fit and stronger (Michael). They have more strength and muscles force out build up easily (Michael). However, the psychological differences between male and female can be harder to understand and describe (Michael). Problems emerge when we think that the icy sex have to act, think and feel the same as we do collect to the deficient in information, education and experiences (Michael).In a published newspaper in Scientific American titled Sex Differences in the Brain by Seymour Levine, who is a neuroendocrinologist in the year of 1966, the understanding of the effect were presented in a pleasant manner in which he single menti one and only(a)d about the one region in the sense that is important in the totally article, which is the hypothalamus known as the site for regulating internal secretions and involved in spacial learning (Cahill, 2011). Previously, queryers thought that sex differences in the brilliance exclusively means the hypothalamus, steroid hormones and sex behavior, which has got nothing to do with anything else in the brain (Cahill). This misleading observation diminished as more and more attest arise nowadays proves that the idea before was wrong (Cahill).The process of discovering about the influence of sex on maneuver of neurons have been undergoing in a fast pace in which studies found that every part and train of the brain is guessed (Cahill, 2011). According to Dr Pfaff, author of Man and Women An Inside Story, described that sex differences in the brain is principal(prenominal)ly collectable to the hypothalamus and he subsequent gives several other reasons of sex influence in the brain much(prenominal) as social behavior and aggression, provided he failed to take into term about the nature of brain functioning influenced by sex (Pfaff, 2002, as cited in Cahill, 2011). In the end, he returns to his statement aphorism that sex differences in the brain are hypothalamus centered which is incorrect (Pfaff, as cited in Cahill).The take aim of intelligence, also known as IQ, does not seem to be main factor of sex differences rather than dexterity (Kimura, 1999). Nevertheless, slightly investigators for instance, Lynn and Rich from the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland proposed that in that location are slight intellectual differences between male and female preferring men (Kimura). The meaning of opposite patterns of intellectual means that each pe rson have different own intellectual strength (Kimura). For instance, rough people whitethorn be good at utilizing words and al or so are especially skillful at addressing external stimuli (Kimura). Their individual abilities are different although the intellectual strength is the same (Kimura).Sex differences in the brain had been studied regarding the issue of job solving. Overall, men tends to be superior in spatial task than women, particularly, when they are asked to imagine an object to be rotating or some other way, men shows an receipts in handling the problem (Kimura, 1999). They are also better at solving problems related to math and in finding a path (Kimura). Although some look brave the idea, such as teenage boys in the United States normally act better than girls on science and mathematics test, however, this is not true for boys in Thailand and Iceland where usually teenage girls stand out boys in an mathematics exam held internationally, devising the sta tement of boys perform better in mathematics than girls inappropriate (Eliot, 2009). Thus, match to Cordelia bonny, superiority in mathematics and science are not genetically determined in our brain or fixed, but are due to upbringing, education, or they are inhibited by the society (Fine, 2010).Women, on the opposite, outperform men in memorizing or remembering word, have an advantage in identifying items that match quickly and doing manual test such as putting marbles or pegs in proper holes (Kimura, 1999). In spite of that, Maccoby and Jacklin from Stanford University argued that it is still an incomplete picture to say that spatial task favour males and verbal task favour females (Jacklin Maccoby, 1974). There was evidence showing that the advantage of spatial task for male does not apply to certain spatial tasks, and that womens advantage in verbal task was including many memory required work which are definitely not verbal (Cahill, 2011). Also, there are possibilities that females are able to outperform males when they are exposed to extra androgens prior to line of descent or newborn, a genetic deficiency known as nonheritable adrenal hyperplasia (Kimura, 1999). In this case, ability of CAH-affected girls to do well in spatial task increases compared to normal unaffected girls (Kimura). Another exception shown by Elizabeth Hampson from the University of occidental Ontario is that females perform some task differently throughout their menstrual period because the estrogen level becomes inconsistent and thus will affect their ability in doing the task (Kimura).Recently, a group of detectives from National Institutes of Health (NIH), have come up with a surprising new report saying that sex differences in the brain decreases as age increases in which the subjects of the research consist of a group of children whose age ranging from 9 through 22 (Sax, 2007). To say it in another way, they discover that when females and males encounter puberty, where the level of steroid hormones such as estradiol in female and testosterone in male begin to increase, the sex differences in the brain diminish (Sax). Even so, some researchers like Leonard Sax, author of Boys Adrift and Girls on the Edge think that the finding is a common-sense expectation (Sax). Other researchers or authors such as Cordelia Fine and Lise Eliot also think that although sex differences prior to birth are undistinguished because they have different education and life styles depending on the culture of the society (Sax).Sex differences in the brain do not diminish over age, but increases as we grow older when the onset of puberty starts (Sax, 2007). The latter finding seems to be more reliable to many of the researchers (Sax). To give a more clearer view, an example is to compare boys and girls both at the age of six years old, they tend to behave differently in which usually boys attention scotch is much weaker compared to girls of the same age (Sax). On the othe r hand, compare a mature old man and women both at the age of 40 years old, there wouldnt be any differences, they are able to donjon quiet and sit still as women do (Sax). Another researcher named Fausto-Stirling, who focuses studies regarding this, also think that if there are any sex differences in the brain, it is barely present after birth during puberty (Sterling, 1992). Thus, the finding of sex differences diminishes as age increases are verbalize to be counter-intuitive (Sax).Brain education does not stop after birth, but instead goes on for a long time, that is where the field of social cognition comes into action to look for sex differences in our brain (Eliot, 2009). At the early stage of sex differences it is said to be congenital and development of our individual behavior depends on either gene expression or being exposed to certain hormone prenatally (Eliot). Regardless of that, behavioral development can be shaped from a young age by training, social learning, cul ture and various lifestyle that each one of us would encounter in every society (Eliot). To illustrate the idea of congenitally programmed, Jessica Woods, Peg Nopoulos and Vesna Murko carried out an experiment with young adults from 7 to 17 years old which the same section in window dressing lobe of the children are measured (Eliot). The issue was surprisingly different from previous research they have make where the size of straight gyrus, an area in the cortex, is haply bigger in boys, in which the reversal of adulthood and childhood ponder the maturation of boys brain in later part of their life (Eliot). They are the few neuroscientists to examine male and female brain differences not only in biological sex but in terms of sexual activity type (Eliot). Woods and colleagues argue about the suggestion that sex differences in the brain are because of Y chromosome despite having no prove that the causes of brain differences depends on social learning (Eliot).In the past few yea rs, there were a lot of new technology created to better examine the homophile brains activity, for instance positron emission tomography, PET and functional magnetic ringing imaging, fMRI (Kimura, 1999). These new techniques enable us to solve problems regarding brains activity, provides more period and information about how our brain function (Kimura). The outcome until now was elicit but there were times when disagreement happens because of the results (Kimura). A number of studies done shown that the activity between both side of the brain of male are greater than female when performing task involving language, for example, identifying rhyme of words (Kimura). However, some other research could not find out the asymmetry function for sex differences in human brain (Kimura). It may be due to different language tasks given in various researches possibly because the brain system acts for certain language tasks only but not others (Kimura). possibly limitation exist because the new techniques are too complicated which leads to different results, because it is difficult for it to correctly measure what exactly is happening in the brain as the activity in our brain are very tangled (Kimura).In a nutshell, there have been many critics and arguments about the postulate of sex differences in the brain (Bland, 2003). One of it is that the research subject for most of the studies are mainly focusing on male only, this in returns affect and limit our understanding of brain differences for the opposite sex because the research are based with one sex only (Beery Zucker, 2010). Therefore, the research of sex differences in the brain should now put more attention in female perspective (Beery Zucker). Moreover, there are certain brain disorders that affect one sex more frequently than another or there may be more protected from the disease compared to the opposite sex (Arnold, Ball, Blaustein, De Vries and McCarthy, 2012). Thus, in this situation, it would bring be nefit to us if researcher could identify the problem and come up with a solution for instance, create drugs or treatment for particularised sex to be protected against these diseases (Arnold et al., 2012). There is no doubt that the whole debate about sex differences in the brain will keep back to be studied for a long time (Bland). Different researcher would have different opinion and thinking, it is just the matter of how they explain the outcome in their own way (Bland).