Information skills and system Essay

A organisation is a collection of catchs that works together to archive a particular purpose. Examples acknowledge transport governing personate, school ashes, digestive system etc. A system provoke be nameed as followingInput contri stillion to touch on of systemControl commanding summonsing unitProcessing transforming input to outputStorage where content can be put away and retrieved for later use.Output the outcome of this systemAn nurture system is a system that accepts selective contracting (raw material) as input and training (organised selective information) as output. Examples include a computer, searchable entropybases etc. An information system is shown belowPurpose The use and function of the systemInformation influence The process of converting entropy into informationParticipants each people who be affect in the systemInformation technology The equipment and instruction used.Data and information Data, the input (raw material), and informat ion, the output ( processed info).The information process Collecting gathering of data from historical world. Eg entering details Organising preparing data for the use of other processes. Eg placement data into tables Analysing converting data into useful information, usually more digestible. Eg creating a map from tables of data Saving and retrieving storing data/information for later uses. Eg saving archive onto hard drive. Processing making change in data/information, including updating, bailiwick of error etc. eg spell check Transmitting and receiving exchanging data/information with other information systems, near of remote. Eg internet, e-mailing Displaying presentation of information. Usually user-friendly, easy to understand. Eg intercommunicate graph onto screenDigital representation of dataAll data is in a central process unit is processed as electrical currents. Data is usually converted into binary tenf nonagenarians, consisting only 1 or 0, where 1 repr esents on and 0 represents off. Different data types atomic number 18 converted differently, and this will be discussed in in additionls for organising later.Binary digits decimalBinaryEach digit in a binary decimal can only be 1 or 0. To convert from decimal x to binary divide x by high schoolest possible ply of 2, then divide left over by highest possible reason of 2, repeat until 1 or 0 is left. Eg 25 = 24 x 1 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 0 + 20 x 1 thence 25 decimal = 11001 in binary. To convert binary into decimal you do the reverse. Eg 101011 in decimal is 25 x 1 + 24 x 0 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 1 + 20 x 1 = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 43ASCII enter systemThe ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) system uses binary decimals to represent different characters. Each digit takes up recollection of 1 fighting it takes 8 digits i.e. 8 bits i.e. 1byte to form a character. 1024bytes (210 bytes) = 1KB 1024KB (220 bytes) = 1MB 1024MB (230 bytes) = 1GB etc differ ent combinations of any 8 bit forms a character. ASCII includes most if not all symbols, including intangible ones eg Del, situation etcHexadecimalsHexadecimal is used in computing when there argon too many digits for binary decimal. Eg 255 make up 8 digits in binary but only 2 in hexadecimal. It is used for large value be such as in the case of html colour panels.Hexadecimals argon 16 digit based 10 15 is replaced with A F respectively. To convert decimal to hexadecimal or hexadecimal to decimal uses the homogeneous method as binary conversion, but 16 based.Eg converting 1980 into hexadecimal1980 = 162 x 7 + 161 x 11 + 160 x 12 thence 1980 in hexadecimal is 7BCEg converting 15FA into decimal163 x 1 + 162 x 5 + 161 x 15 + 160 x 10= 4096 + 1280 + 240 + 10= 5626 and then 15FA in decimal is 5626.Social and Ethical issuesHealth of human body can be affect with use of information systems. The correction of human body and technology is referred as ergonomics. The following ar a f ew health conundrums the can arise form the use of information systemTools for information process CollectingThe pile up process involves decision making what to collect, where to collect form and how to collect.Hardware for collecting different datatext describeboard, text electronic scanner, voice recognitionNumbers bar code readers, data loggers, keyboardImages scanner, web camVideo video recorders, digital camerasAudio micro-phone,Software for collecting different data textbook Microsoft wordNumbers Microsoft excelImages scanner softwareVideo windows media p stageAudio Sound recorderOrganizingText as explained before texts are converted into binary decimals to be processed by other processes, e.g. displaying, analysing etc. Examples of file types word document, HTML, PDFNumbers equal text, each numerical number can be converted into a binary number. Common file type excel, word documentImages An name is an electronic copy of a picture, photo, scanned document etc for display on screen. All images are made of pixels, which are the smallest controllable display element on most screens. There are two types of imagesBitmapped each pixel is set individually and represents bits in memory. Their size, colour, tone etc is stored and therefore takes up large enumerate of memory. The most reciprocal bitmapped file types are BMP (high quality images), JPEG (less memory, lossy capsule method) and GIF (maximum 256 colours for cartoons, lossless compression by less colour and littler size).Vector end points containing information about the line (thickness, colour, gradient etc) common type of file is PNG, but not supported by be clips versions of internet explorer.Audio Series of sound measurements. Digital samples are created from real sound waves. The higher frequency of taking samples and the more accurate they are, the best the quality, but the larger the file. Common file types are MIDI and wave form (MP3, MP4 etc).Video A series of stil l images recorded at high speed, usually along with audio. Hugh in file size. Common file types include animated GIF, MPEG, Flash etc. data is organized using key frames, one for each image that forms a video/animation when contendAnalyzingAn example of analyzing data is creating a chart in a send sheet. Charts and graphs are the most popular shipway of analyzing data. They show relationships, trends and comparisons at a glance. The impact (use of colours and symbols to draw attention to important data), speed (obvious) and constraint (easily understood) made it popular. E.g. software excel, calculatorSaving and retrievingSaving and retrieving is important because it allows edited data to be stored and edited later on. Most information systems have a primary fund and a secondary storage.Primary storage is used to store data/information that needs to be direct accessible to the CPU. It uses silicon chips on the motherboard to store.RAM hit-or-miss access memory, where oft use d data/information and instructions are stored. When the power is fare off everything in RAM disappears. Data are accessed directly without tone ending through other things.Cache is another example of primary storage. It has the same functions are RAM, but is temporary storage for quick access.ROM read only memory, permanent memory where instructions are stored. These instructions are not to be edited or it may distract the treat of the computer. These instructions are applied when booting the computer.Secondary storages are usually portable.charismatic tape long thin plastic coated with thin layer of magnetic metal. magnetised tape can store large do of data for a cheap price and little space. However it uses consecutive memory access, which takes a lot of cadence. e.g. video tape. Good for back up.Magnetic disk works the same as magnetic tape, but with a circular piece of plastic/metal. E.g. hard disk / floppy disk. Uses random memory access.Optical media uses laser techno logy to read and write on CD, CDR or CDRE. Written with high power laser to create split up of tiny holes on disk.Flash memory is erasable memory chips e.g. USB, SD card, memory stick etc.ProcessingExamples of processing software audio alter programmes, movie maker, video editorsTransmitting and receivingBuses and ports are used for transmitting and receiving. Buses are connections between CPU and other parts. Ports are sockets that allow an external device to be installed. E.g. e-mail is transmitting and receiving mails.DisplayingPrinter, monitor speakers etc. most monitors are displayed in pixels. Number of pixels on the screen can be adjusted.Planning, deigning and carrying outUnderstanding the problemThis is the first stage of developing a system. It involves identifying the problem that needs to be solved and determining the requirements of the sunrise(prenominal) system through surveys, interviews, analysing subsisting system, investigation, research etc. Draw up a have plan, specifying who, what how, when consisting grant charts, schedules, dataflow plats, journals, plans etc.Making decisionsDetermine the feasibility (is it possible) of this unfermented system, analysing potential difference solutions and makes a recommendation. A feasibility study shows nature of problem and overview of existing system identifying problem outline constraints (economical, cost vs. benefit technical, technology requirements and demands schedule, time wise organisational, fitting the goal of organization) restates aim of unexampled system in detail analyse data collected suggest solution no change, bleak system, investigate etcDesigning solutionDiagrams such as data flow diagram or system flow chart are used to show context of naked system.Data flow diagram is a graphical way of showing the flow of data at bottom the system. O process, ? external entity, ? Data storage, ? data flow.System flow chart shows both flow of data and logic of system. Terminals, inpu t/output, process, database, decision, flow line. close trees show all possible decisions and their results.External specification the appearance of new systemInternal specifications providing technical support to build the system, identify process required by new system, specifications for input data.Information technology practise software may be available e.g. existing accounting softwares. If not then programme has to be written and meets the exact needs of new system.Technical specification new hardware support need or not.User documentation user manual for new system. Must be user friendly.ImplementingThis is the stage of applying the new system. There are three ways of converting to the new system Direct conversion where the new system is all told replacing the old system. Does not allow time to check that the new one works correctly, old system is erased. Parallel conversion the new system and old system is run at the same time to allow room for error. Phrased conve rsion gradual implementation of new system. sealed new ones are implemented while other old ones are still operation. Each operation is individually tested. Pilot conversion when a small part of the organization uses the new system. If new system fails, old is there to back it up.Training is needed to teach participants to use the new system. The participants include those who are learning and those who are teaching. Who needs to be adroit is decided upon their existing knowledge.Testing, evaluating and maintainingSystem needs to be tested to image that it runs correctly. Results are compared to expectations and initial aims. Determines if change is required. Occurs after minor adjustments.Evaluation is the on-going process of assessing the system to identify areas of weakness that needs to be changed.Maintaining is the modifying of system after installation, upgrading by making minor improvements.IPT year11 exams study notes